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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diright</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Law Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровое право</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2686-9136</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Maxim Inozemtsev</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38044/DLJ-2020-1-1-39-58</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diright-6</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Digital challenges and tax equity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровые вызовы и справедливость налогов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степнов</surname><given-names>И. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepnoff</surname><given-names>I. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор экономических наук, профессор, профессор,</p><p>125993, Москва, Ленинградский просп., 49, ГСП-3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. in Economics, Professor, </p><p>49 , GSP-3, Leningradsky ave., Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stepnoff@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковальчук</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalchuk</surname><given-names>Julia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор экономических наук, профессор, профессор,</p><p>125993, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 4, A-80, ГСП-3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. in Economics, Professor, </p><p>A-80, 4, GSP-3, Volokolamskoe highway, Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fm-science@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Финансовый университет при Правительстве РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский авиационный институт (национальный исследовательский университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Stepnoff I.M., Kovalchuk J.A., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Степнов И.М., Ковальчук Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stepnoff I.M., Kovalchuk J.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/6">https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/6</self-uri><abstract><p>Historically, tax reforms have always been a response to societal transformations, which aim to modernize relations between states, businesses and citizens. The contemporary digital transformations of social relations intensified by globalization have become another challenge. The tax system has been at the centre of ongoing changes. Consequently, there arises a need for reforms of tax systems. Likewise, it is necessary to reassess and review the principles ensuring the efficiency of such systems.</p><p>The research aim is to investigate the impact of the digital society and economy on tax equity. This purpose also includes a critical analysis and a summary of the ways in which tax systems in different countries and corporations respond to digital challenges. The challenges in question are associated with tax burden on the activity of the abovementioned entities when they implement business models in virtual reality.</p><p>The research methodology is based on the fundamental principles of the Russian tax law with particular regard to the mandatory elements of taxation. Additionally, the research method involves the classical principles of taxation such as equity, certainty, convenience and economy. The authors have also developed an original approach to consider the formation of excess profits by digital companies and digital rentiers.</p><p>The analysis of the terms ‘digital presence’, ‘market jurisdiction’ was conducted with due consideration of jurisdiction in digital markets directly related to the activity of digital platforms. The paper also examined the potential opportunities and dangers that arise in the process of automated payment of taxes in each deal. Furthermore, specific problems regarding the determination of border crossing by an intangible asset or a provided service which can consist of both a tangible asset and a digital service were addressed. The research on the impact of digital solutions in business was performed in conjunction with the analysis of the European approach to similar issues. In accordance with the European framework, attribution of profits to the jurisdictions of those countries where consumers reside establishes the principles of equity. Based on this evidence, therefore, it was demonstrated that it is becoming a fundamental necessity in modern society to increase tax certainty of virtual businesses despite the opportunist attitude of some companies (with respect to national governments) as well as governments (with respect to the global economy). As taxpayers’ physical presence in a particular jurisdiction to generate profits which form the tax base is no longer required, a balance between national tax systems and the appearance of supranational taxation should be found. This objective poses a risk of failing to provide conditions necessary to ensure tax equity.</p><p>The thesis that tax competition exists in countries and various territories was supported, which enabled the authors to demonstrate potential of concerted effort to develop supranational taxation aimed at tax equity restoring. Furthermore, such mandatory elements of taxation as ‘object of taxation’, ‘tax base’, ‘tax rate’ are still valid in the digital world. At the same time the evolution of business models used by digital and supranational companies, servicization of the economy, digital service development and smart products creation require revising the definitions of these terms.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исторически реформирование налоговых систем всегда являлось ответом на преобразования в обществе, модернизирующие отношения государств, бизнеса и граждан. Новым современным вызовом стала цифровая трансформация отношений в обществе, усиленная глобализацией, несмотря на снижение темпов роста ее проявлений. Налоговая система также оказалась в эпицентре произошедших, происходящих и ожидаемых перемен. Считается, что глобализация и цифровые возможности снижают способность правительств собирать налоги, поэтому в новых условиях возникает потребность как в реформировании налоговых систем, так и в оценке и корректировке принципов, обеспечивающих эффективность их функционирования.</p><p>Целью является исследование влияния цифровизации экономики и общества на справедливость налогообложения, включая критический анализ и обобщение реакции налоговых систем разных государств и корпораций на цифровые вызовы, связанные с налоговым обременением деятельности в рамках бизнес-моделей в виртуальной среде.</p><p>Методология исследования опирается на базовые положения налогового законодательства в части определения обязательных элементов налогообложения, а также классические принципы налогообложения (справедливости, определенности, удобства для налогоплательщика, экономичности взимания), оригинальный авторский подход к учету формирования доходов цифровых компаний и сверхдоходов цифровых рантье. В статье проведен анализ понятий «цифровое присутствие» и «рыночная юрисдикция» с учетом понимания юрисдикции на цифровых рынках, связанных непосредственно с деятельностью цифровых платформ, рассмотрены возможности и угрозы автоматического платежа налогов в рамках каждой сделки, а также отдельные проблемы определения факта пересечения границы нематериальным активом или оказываемой услугой, которая может иметь в основе как материальный актив, так и цифровой сервис. Исследование влияния цифровых решений в бизнесе и европейского подхода, ориентированного на формирование принципов справедливого отнесения доходов к юрисдикции государств, в которых находятся потребители, позволило установить, что повышение налоговой определенности деятельности виртуальных компаний становится все большей необходимостью современного общества, несмотря на оппортунистическое поведение как отдельных компаний (относительно национальных правительств), так и правительств (относительно мирового экономического пространства). Выделение отсутствия привязки к физическому присутствию налогоплательщика в конкретной юрисдикции для формирования прибыли компаний как налогооблагаемой базы приводит к необходимости поиска баланса между национальными налоговыми системами и появлением наднационального налогообложения, что несет риски для обеспечения принципа справедливости в налоговой политике.</p><p>Подтверждение тезиса о налоговой конкуренции государств и отдельных территорий позволило сделать вывод о возможностях развития наднационального налогообложения в рамках совместного взаимодействия для восстановления справедливости налогообложения. При этом обязательные элементы налогообложения, такие как «объект налогообложения», «налоговая база», «налоговая ставка», сохраняют свое существование и в цифровом мире, но развитие бизнес-моделей цифровых и транснациональных компаний, сервисизация экономики, электронные услуги и производство умных продуктов требует обновления механизма их определения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>налог</kwd><kwd>международная торговля</kwd><kwd>электронная торговля</kwd><kwd>цифровая торговля</kwd><kwd>цифровизация экономики</kwd><kwd>налоговая определенность</kwd><kwd>справедливость налогообложения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tax</kwd><kwd>international trade</kwd><kwd>electronic trading</kwd><kwd>digital trade</kwd><kwd>digitization of the economy</kwd><kwd>tax certainty</kwd><kwd>tax equity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirova, E. 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