<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diright</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Law Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровое право</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2686-9136</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Maxim Inozemtsev</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38044/2686-9136-2026-7-3</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diright-372</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Intellectual property litigation in Russia and China: Digital technologies for specialized courts</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Разбирательство судебных дел в сфере интеллектуальной собственности в России и Китае: цифровой инструментарий, доступный специализированным судам</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8071-174X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рожкова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozhkova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор юридических наук, главный научный сотрудник Института законодательства и сравнительного правоведения при Правительстве РФ, ассоциированный член международного научно-образовательного центра «Кафедра ЮНЕСКО по авторскому праву, смежным, культурным и информационным правам», Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», президент объединения экспертов в сфере интеллектуального, IT- и цифрового права «IP CLUB»</p><p>117218, Москва, ул. Большая Черемушкинская, 34</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina A. Rozhkova — Dr. Sci. in Law, Chief Researcher at the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Associate Member of the International Research and Education Center “UNES CO Chair on Copyright, Neighboring, Cultural and Information Rights”, HSE University, President of the association of experts in Intellectual Property, IT and Digital Law — IP CLUB</p><p>34, Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya St., Moscow, 117218</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rozhkova-ma@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт законодательства и сравнительного правоведения при Правительстве Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Onilne First</issue-title><elocation-id>372</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Rozhkova M.A., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рожкова М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rozhkova M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/372">https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/372</self-uri><abstract><p>The digital transformation of judicial systems is reshaping not only the technical means of interaction between courts and participants in judicial proceedings but also the adjudicative process itself. These changes are of particular importance for specialized intellectual property courts, where disputes frequently arise in the digital environment and the effectiveness of judicial protection largely depends on the integration of modern technologies. In this context, a comparative analysis of the experiences of Russia and China is particularly relevant, as both countries are actively developing digital judicial tools while following different legal and institutional paths. The article aims to identify the distinctive features of the digital transformation of courts, define the main areas in which digital technologies are employed, and assess their significance for the judicial protection of intellectual property rights. The research employs comparative legal analysis, the formal legal method, and a system-based approach. It draws on the legislation of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China, decisions and regulations of their highest judicial authorities, and scholarly publications on the digitalization of justice. The paper demonstrates that digital technologies are now integrated into virtually every stage of judicial proceedings, including electronic document management, the submission and examination of electronic evidence, remote access to case files, automated case allocation, electronic judicial notifications, remote court hearings, and the use of artificial intelligence to support judicial decision-making. A comparison of the Russian and Chinese experiences shows that, although both countries pursue the common objective of improving the accessibility and effectiveness of judicial protection, they have adopted different models for the digitalization of the judiciary. The Russian approach is primarily based on the implementation of individual digital services, whereas the Chinese model emphasizes the gradual development of a unified digital platform integrating different stages of judicial proceedings. The study also identifies differences in approaches to electronic evidence, electronic interaction between courts and participants in judicial proceedings, and the use of artificial intelligence. The findings indicate that the digitalization of specialized intellectual property courts has evolved beyond a supporting function to become a prerequisite for the effective administration of justice in this field. Despite the differences between the two models, the experience of both countries indicates a gradual transition toward a comprehensive digital organization of judicial activities capable of ensuring more efficient, technologically advanced, and higher-quality adjudication of intellectual property disputes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цифровая трансформация судебных систем приводит к изменению не только технических способов взаимодействия суда с участниками процесса, но и самого порядка рассмотрения дел. Подобные изменения приобретают особое значение для специализированных судов по интеллектуальной собственности, где предмет спора нередко связан с цифровой средой, а эффективность защиты прав во многом зависит от использования современных технологий. В связи с этим особый интерес представляет сравнительный анализ опыта России и Китая, где активно развиваются цифровые инструменты правосудия, следуя, однако, различным организационным и правовым подходам. Цель настоящего исследования состоит в выявлении особенностей цифровой трансформации судов, определении основных направлений использования цифровых инструментов и оценке их значения для судебной защиты интеллектуальных прав. Работа основана на сравнительно-правовом, формально-юридическом и системном методах. Проанализированы законодательство Российской Федерации и Китайской Народной Республики, акты высших судебных органов, судебная практика, а также научные публикации, посвященные цифровизации правосудия. Проведенный анализ позволил установить, что цифровые технологии применяются практически на всех стадиях судебного разбирательства: при организации электронного документооборота, работе с электронными доказательствами, дистанционном доступе к материалам дела, автоматизированном распределении дел, судебных извещениях, проведении дистанционных заседаний, а также при использовании искусственного интеллекта в качестве вспомогательного инструмента судьи. Сравнение российского и китайского опыта показало, что при общей направленности на повышение доступности и эффективности судебной защиты российская и китайская модели цифровизации развиваются по-разному. Российский подход основан преимущественно на внедрении отдельных цифровых сервисов, тогда как китайский — ориентирован на последовательное формирование единой цифровой платформы, объединяющей различные стадии судебного процесса. Кроме того, выявлены различия в подходах к работе с электронными доказательствами, организации электронного взаимодействия участников процесса с судом и использованию технологий искусственного интеллекта. Проведенное исследование позволяет сделать вывод о том, что цифровизация специализированных судов в сфере интеллектуальной собственности не ограничивается выполнением исключительно вспомогательных функций, а становится одним из условий эффективного осуществления правосудия в исследуемой сфере. При этом, несмотря на различия в используемых моделях, опыт обеих стран свидетельствует о постепенном переходе к комплексной цифровой организации судебной деятельности, способной обеспечить более оперативное, технологически адаптированное и качественное рассмотрение споров в области интеллектуальной собственности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интеллектуальная собственность</kwd><kwd>специализированные суды</kwd><kwd>Суд по интеллектуальным правам</kwd><kwd>«умный  суд»</kwd><kwd>цифровой инструментарий</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>блокчейн</kwd><kwd>электронные доказательства</kwd><kwd>онлайн-разбирательство</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>Китай</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intellectual property</kwd><kwd>specialized courts</kwd><kwd>Intellectual Property Court</kwd><kwd>smart court</kwd><kwd>digital tools</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>blockchain</kwd><kwd>electronic evidence</kwd><kwd>online proceedings</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>China</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alekseeva, E. V. (2025). Iskusstvennyy intellekt v sudoproizvodstve: Opyt pravovogo eksperimenta v Singapure, Kitaye i Kazakhstane [Artificial intelligence in legal proceedings: Experience of legal experiment in Singapore, China and Kazakhstan]. Yuridicheskaya Tekhnika, (19), 549–553.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva, E. V. (2025). Iskusstvennyy intellekt v sudoproizvodstve: Opyt pravovogo eksperimenta v Singapure, Kitaye i Kazakhstane [Artificial intelligence in legal proceedings: Experience of legal experiment in Singapore, China and Kazakhstan]. Yuridicheskaya Tekhnika, (19), 549–553.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danshin, A. V. (2025). Pravovoye regulirovaniye primeneniya tsifrovykh tekhnologiy i iskusstvennogo intellekta v sudoproizvodstve Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki [Digital regulation and artificial intelligence in court in the People's Republic of China]. Vestnik Kemerovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriya: Gumanitarnyye i Obshchestvennyye Nauki, 9(1) 125–137. https://doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2025-9-1-125-137</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danshin, A. V. (2025). Pravovoye regulirovaniye primeneniya tsifrovykh tekhnologiy i iskusstvennogo intellekta v sudoproizvodstve Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki [Digital regulation and artificial intelligence in court in the People's Republic of China]. Vestnik Kemerovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriya: Gumanitarnyye i Obshchestvennyye Nauki, 9(1) 125–137. https://doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2025-9-1-125-137</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dragilev, E V., Dragileva, L. L., Drovaleva, L. S., &amp; Palamarchuk, S. A. (2022). Informatizatsiya sudebnoy sistemy Kitaya [Informatization of the judicial system of China]. Yuridicheskaya Nauka, (8), 54–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dragilev, E V., Dragileva, L. L., Drovaleva, L. S., &amp; Palamarchuk, S. A. (2022). Informatizatsiya sudebnoy sistemy Kitaya [Informatization of the judicial system of China]. Yuridicheskaya Nauka, (8), 54–59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gong, N., &amp; Dong, D. (2024). Application and theoretical development of artificial intelligence in civil proceedings. Pravovedenie, 68(2), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2024.208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gong, N., &amp; Dong, D. (2024). Application and theoretical development of artificial intelligence in civil proceedings. Pravovedenie, 68(2), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2024.208</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kapustin, O. A. (2019). Organizatsiya avtomatizirovannogo raspredeleniya del v federal'nom sude obshchey yurisdiktsii [Organization of automated distribution of cases in Federal court of general jurisdiction]. Zakon i Pravo, (1), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.24411/2073-3313-2019-10027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapustin, O. A. (2019). Organizatsiya avtomatizirovannogo raspredeleniya del v federal'nom sude obshchey yurisdiktsii [Organization of automated distribution of cases in Federal court of general jurisdiction]. Zakon i Pravo, (1), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.24411/2073-3313-2019-10027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Metikoš, L., Keller, C. I., Qiao, C., &amp; Helberger, N. (2026). Comparing the right to an explanation of judicial AI by function; studies on the EU, Brazil, and China. Computer Law &amp; Security Review, 61, Article 106302. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2026.106302</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metikoš, L., Keller, C. I., Qiao, C., &amp; Helberger, N. (2026). Comparing the right to an explanation of judicial AI by function; studies on the EU, Brazil, and China. Computer Law &amp; Security Review, 61, Article 106302. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2026.106302</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neznamov, A. V. (2019). "Tsifrovoye prosveshcheniye", dostupnost' pravosudiya i ekonomicheskaya sostavlyayushchaya tsifrovizatsii grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva ['Digital education', accessibility of justice and economic component of digitalization of the civil proceedings]. Arbitrazhnyy i Grazhdanskiy Protsess, (9), 53–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neznamov, A. V. (2019). "Tsifrovoye prosveshcheniye", dostupnost' pravosudiya i ekonomicheskaya sostavlyayushchaya tsifrovizatsii grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva ['Digital education', accessibility of justice and economic component of digitalization of the civil proceedings]. Arbitrazhnyy i Grazhdanskiy Protsess, (9), 53–57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reshetnikova, I. V. (2022). Protsessual'no-pravovyye aspekty provedeniya veb-konferentsii v arbitrazhnom protsesse [Procedural law aspects of holding of a web conference in the arbitration process]. Arbitrazhnyy i Grazhdanskiy Protsess, (7), 31–33. https://doi.org/10.18572/1812-383X-2022-7-31-33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reshetnikova, I. V. (2022). Protsessual'no-pravovyye aspekty provedeniya veb-konferentsii v arbitrazhnom protsesse [Procedural law aspects of holding of a web conference in the arbitration process]. Arbitrazhnyy i Grazhdanskiy Protsess, (7), 31–33. https://doi.org/10.18572/1812-383X-2022-7-31-33</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romanovskaya, O. V. (2024). Publichno-pravovyye osnovy tsifrovoy transformatsii sudebnoy sistemy "Umnyy sud" (opyt Kitaya) [Public law fundamentals of the digital transformation of the smart court judicial system (Chinese experience)]. Rossiyskiy Sud'ya, (6), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.18572/1812-3791-2024-6-55-60</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanovskaya, O. V. (2024). Publichno-pravovyye osnovy tsifrovoy transformatsii sudebnoy sistemy "Umnyy sud" (opyt Kitaya) [Public law fundamentals of the digital transformation of the smart court judicial system (Chinese experience)]. Rossiyskiy Sud'ya, (6), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.18572/1812-3791-2024-6-55-60</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheremet'yeva, N. V., Baturo, I. V., &amp; Sh, Y. (2020). Osobennosti elektronnogo pravosudiya v KNR [Features of electronic justice in the PRC]. Pravo i Praktika, (2), 159–163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheremet'yeva, N. V., Baturo, I. V., &amp; Sh, Y. (2020). Osobennosti elektronnogo pravosudiya v KNR [Features of electronic justice in the PRC]. Pravo i Praktika, (2), 159–163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skuratovskiy, M. L. (2017). Podgotovka dela k sudebnomu razbiratel'stvu [Preparation of a case for trial]. In V. V. Yarkov (Ed.), Arbitrazhnyy protsess: Uchebnik [Arbitrazh court procedure: Textbook] (7th ed., pp. 311–332). Statut.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skuratovskiy, M. L. (2017). Podgotovka dela k sudebnomu razbiratel'stvu [Preparation of a case for trial]. In V. V. Yarkov (Ed.), Arbitrazhnyy protsess: Uchebnik [Arbitrazh court procedure: Textbook] (7th ed., pp. 311–332). Statut.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tumanov, D. A. (2024). Can artificial intelligence replace human judges? Digital Law Journal, 5(4), 10–27. https://doi.org/10.38044/2686-9136-2024-5-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tumanov, D. A. (2024). Can artificial intelligence replace human judges? Digital Law Journal, 5(4), 10–27. https://doi.org/10.38044/2686-9136-2024-5-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei, D. (2025). Primeneniye tsifrovykh tekhnologiy v grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki [Application of digital technology in civil proceedings in the People's Republic of China]. Filosofiya Prava, (3), 53–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei, D. (2025). Primeneniye tsifrovykh tekhnologiy v grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki [Application of digital technology in civil proceedings in the People's Republic of China]. Filosofiya Prava, (3), 53–60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaytseva, T. R. (2022). Sistema sudov po pravam intellektual'noy sobstvennosti v KNR: Vozniknoveniye i razvitiye [Intellectual property court system in China: Emergence and development] (pp. 135–147). In A. V. Vinogradov, &amp; P. V. Troshchinskiy (Eds.), Kitay v god provedeniya XX s'yezda KPK: Sbornik statey na osnove dokladov Ezhegodnoy vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii, Moskva, 16–18 marta 2022 goda [China in the year of the 20th CPC National Congress: Collected papers based on presentations at the Annual All-Russian Scientific Conference, Moscow, March 16–18, 2022]. Institut Kitaya i sovremennoy Azii Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. https://doi.org/10.48647/ICCA.2022.92.60.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytseva, T. R. (2022). Sistema sudov po pravam intellektual'noy sobstvennosti v KNR: Vozniknoveniye i razvitiye [Intellectual property court system in China: Emergence and development] (pp. 135–147). In A. V. Vinogradov, &amp; P. V. Troshchinskiy (Eds.), Kitay v god provedeniya XX s'yezda KPK: Sbornik statey na osnove dokladov Ezhegodnoy vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii, Moskva, 16–18 marta 2022 goda [China in the year of the 20th CPC National Congress: Collected papers based on presentations at the Annual All-Russian Scientific Conference, Moscow, March 16–18, 2022]. Institut Kitaya i sovremennoy Azii Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. https://doi.org/10.48647/ICCA.2022.92.60.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang, H., Wang, R, &amp; Cai, K. (2024). Research on the application and examination of electronic evidence preserved on the blockchain in Chinese copyright judicial practice. Computer Law &amp; Security Review, 52, Article 105891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105891</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang, H., Wang, R, &amp; Cai, K. (2024). Research on the application and examination of electronic evidence preserved on the blockchain in Chinese copyright judicial practice. Computer Law &amp; Security Review, 52, Article 105891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105891</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhmakin, G. N. (2024). Iskusstvennyy intellekt v sudebnom protsesse [Artificial intelligence in litigation]. Vestnik Grazhdanskogo Protsessa, 14(2), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.24031/2226-0781-2024-14-2-301-318</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhmakin, G. N. (2024). Iskusstvennyy intellekt v sudebnom protsesse [Artificial intelligence in litigation]. Vestnik Grazhdanskogo Protsessa, 14(2), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.24031/2226-0781-2024-14-2-301-318</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
