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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diright</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Law Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровое право</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2686-9136</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Maxim Inozemtsev</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38044/2686-9136-2025-6-3-67-93</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diright-315</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Legal regime of account: Approaches to defining a virtual object of law</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Правовой режим учетной записи: юридические подходы к определению виртуального объекта права</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9022-323X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панин</surname><given-names>В. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panin</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник, Сектор информационного права и международной информационной безопасности; ведущий юрисконсульт</p><p>119019, Москва, ул. Знаменка, 10 </p><p>125375, Москва, ул. Тверская, 14 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valerii O. Panin - Junior Research Fellow, Sector of Information Law and International Information Security; leading legal adviser</p><p>10, Znamenka St., Moscow, 119019 </p><p>14, Tverskaya St., Moscow, 125375 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valeri-panin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт государства и права Российской академии наук ; Юридическая компания «К12»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Institute of State and Law of The Russian Academy of Sciences ; K12 Law Firm</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Panin V.O., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Панин В.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Panin V.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/315">https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/315</self-uri><abstract><p>This article examines issues that have been insufficiently developed in Russian jurisprudence concerning the legal nature of accounts in information systems (on the example of social networks) and the legal status of persons who have a legitimate interest in protecting their accounts. In practice, various terms such as “user”, “owner”, “participant”, “rights holder”, “proprietor”, etc. are used to refer to the entity that controls an account, which serves as a common type of virtual object. In setting out to formulate a scientifically sound conclusion about the legal rights of account subjects, we consider the features of their legal regime. Existing approaches to defining the legal regime of an account as an object of information and/or civil legal relations are analyzed in the light of law enforcement practice in the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning social network account ownership to draw conclusions about the dual nature of accounts as virtual objects. The study is based on general (analysis, synthesis, analogy) and specific methods (comparative legal and formal legal approaches). Proposed amendments to Federal Law No. 149-FZ of July 27, 2006 “On Information, Information Technologies, and Information Protection” are aimed at eliminating the existing legal gap and bringing certainty to public relations related to the use of social media accounts. It is concluded that an account is an object of legal relations and digital data, the information rights to which (e.g., right of ownership and access to the account) acquire the characteristics of property rights in the context of the digital data economy for the purposes of participation in civil circulation. The results obtained can be used in legislative and law enforcement activities, including in the resolution of disputes related to the ownership of accounts, as well as in the study of the legal nature of other types of virtual objects (digital currencies, domain names, etc.).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена исследованию недостаточно разработанных в отечественной юридической науке вопросов о правовой природе учетной записи в информационной системе (на примере социальных сетей), а также о правовом статусе лица, имеющего законный интерес в защите принадлежащих ему учетных записей. На практике для обозначения субъекта, обладающего контролем над учетной записью, используются термины «пользователь», «обладатель», «участник», «правообладатель», «собственник» и пр. Цель исследования — сформулировать научно обоснованный вывод о правовой природе прав субъектов в отношении учетных записей как распространенного вида виртуальных объектов, а также рассмотреть особенности их правового режима. Автором рассмотрены существующие в науке подходы к определению правового режима учетной записи как объекта информационных и (или) гражданских правоотношений. С учетом анализа правоприменительной практики Соединенных Штатов Америки и Федеративной Республики Германия по вопросу принадлежности прав на учетную запись в социальной сети сделаны выводы о двойственной природе учетной записи как виртуального объекта. При проведении исследования использовались как общенаучные (анализ, синтез, аналогия), так и частнонаучные методы (сравнительно-правовой, формально-юридический методы). Принимая во внимание текущее состояние информационного и гражданского законодательства Российской Федерации, автор предлагает изменения в Федеральный закон от 27 июля 2006 г. № 149-ФЗ «Об информации, информационных технологиях и о защите информации», направленные на устранение существующего правового пробела и внесение определенности в общественные отношения, связанные с использованием учетных записей в социальных сетях. Делает вывод о том, что учетная запись является объектом информационных правоотношений — цифровыми данными, информационные правомочия в отношении которых (например, право обладания и право на предоставление доступа к учетной записи) в условиях экономики данных и цифровой экономики приобретают характеристику имущественных прав для целей участия в гражданском обороте. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы в законодательной и правоприменительной деятельности, в том числе при разрешении споров, связанных с принадлежностью учетных записей, а также при исследовании правовой природы иных разновидностей виртуальных объектов (цифровых валют, доменных имен и пр.).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>виртуальные объекты</kwd><kwd>цифровые активы</kwd><kwd>цифровые данные</kwd><kwd>информация</kwd><kwd>учетная запись</kwd><kwd>обладатель информации</kwd><kwd>право собственности</kwd><kwd>цифровое право</kwd><kwd>социальные сети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>virtual objects</kwd><kwd>digital assets</kwd><kwd>digital data</kwd><kwd>information</kwd><kwd>account</kwd><kwd>information holder</kwd><kwd>property right</kwd><kwd>digital right</kwd><kwd>social media</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agaeva, V. 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