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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diright</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Law Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровое право</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2686-9136</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Maxim Inozemtsev</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38044/2686-9136-2025-6-15</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diright-313</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Current Digital Dimensions of the EU Area of Freedom, Security and Justice</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровое измерение пространства свободы, безопасности и правосудия ЕС на современном этапе</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1495-3227</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Войников</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voynikov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор юридических наук, профессор, Высшая школа права, Институт управления и территориального развития; профессор, кафедра интеграционного права и прав человека, международно-правовой факультет; ведущий научный сотрудник, Центр европейских и евразийских правовых исследований</p><p>236041, Калининград, ул. А. Невского, 14; 119454, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 76; 603022, Нижний Новгород, пр. Гагарина, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim V. Voynikov — Dr. Sci. in Law, Professor, Higher School of Law, institute of Management and Territorial Development; Professor, Department of Integration and Human Rights Law, International Law School; Leading Researcher, Center for European and Eurasian Legal Studies</p><p>14, Alexander Nevsky St., Kaliningrad, 236041; 76, Vernadsky Ave., Moscow, 119454; 23, Gagarin Ave., Nizhny Novgorod, 603022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">voinicov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2455-8100</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арестов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arestov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр юриспруденции, аспирант, Высшая школа права, аналитик Института геополитических и региональных исследований</p><p>236041, Калининград, ул. А. Невского, 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Arestov — LL.M., Post-Graduate Student, Higher School of Law, Analyst, Institute of Geopolitical and Regional Studies</p><p>14, Alexander Nevsky St., Kaliningrad, 236041</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.arestov.work@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Балтийский федеральный университет им. И. Канта; Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) МИД России; Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н. И. Лобачевского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Immanuel Kant Baltic federal University; Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University); National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (Lobachevsky University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Балтийский федеральный университет им. И. Канта</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Immanuel Kant Baltic federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voynikov V.V., Arestov A.V., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Войников В.В., Арестов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voynikov V.V., Arestov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/313">https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/313</self-uri><abstract><p>The legal nature and institutional mechanisms of the digital border control systems of the European Union (EU) are analyzed based on case studies of the implementation of the Entry/Exit System and “Smart Borders” project. The relevance of the research is due to the introduction of the Entry/Exit System on 12 October 2025, which represents the world’s first multi-level digital border control instrument operating at the level of a major supranational integration entity. Such a transition to a new model of external border management based on centralized data processing, automated control, and deep digital integration necessitates a comprehensive legal analysis that takes into account issues of institutional development and the protection of fundamental rights. The purpose of the study is to identify the essential characteristics of the legal regulation of large-scale information systems of the EU that ensure automated border control, as well as to determine the institutional and methodological foundations of their functioning within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). The methodological framework of the research is based on a comprehensive approach that includes a normative legal analysis of European Union regulations, an institutional analysis of the development of the AFSJ, and an examination of the architecture and operational mechanisms of the Entry/Exit System and related digital platforms. The legal regulation of large-scale information systems of the European Union is shown to be characterized by a centralized governance architecture, the mandatory application of unified standards for the processing of biographical and biometric data, a multi-layered access regime, and the prioritization of the principles of personal data protection and proportionality of interference. It is demonstrated that the functioning of such systems is based on the integration of national components into a single digital framework under the management of the eu-LISA Agency, which ensures technical operation, legal interoperability, and infrastructure resilience. The “Smart Borders” project is further revealed to reflect a transition from fragmented information solutions to a comprehensive model of automated border control, while the abandonment of the initial two-system design was driven by institutional and technical constraints. Key legal risks associated with the operation of the Entry/Exit System, which functions as a structural element in the formation of a single digital space of the EU and deepening integration within the AFSJ, are revealed to include the consequences of data errors, integration with other information systems, and the impact of centralized architecture on migration procedures. The study, which contributes to the development of scholarly understanding of digital sovereignty and transformation of border controls, has relevance for the analysis of similar processes in other integration entities.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена анализу правовой природы и институциональных механизмов цифровых систем пограничного контроля Европейского союза на примере внедрения системы регистрации въезда/выезда и реализации проекта «Умные границы». Актуальность исследования обусловлена введением 12 октября 2025 системы регистрации въезда/выезда года — первого многоуровневого цифрового инструмента пограничного контроля, функционирующего на уровне крупного межгосударственного интеграционного объединения. Запуск данной системы знаменует переход Европейского союза к новой модели управления внешними границами, основанной на централизованной обработке данных, автоматизации контроля и глубокой цифровой интеграции, что требует комплексного правового анализа с учётом вопросов институционального развития и защиты прав человека. Цель исследования состоит в выявлении сущностных характеристик правового регулирования крупных информационных систем Европейского союза, обеспечивающих автоматизированный пограничный контроль, а также в определении институциональных и методологических основ их функционирования в рамках пространства свободы, безопасности и правосудия. Методологическую основу исследования составляет комплексный подход, включающий нормативно-правовой анализ регламентов Европейского союза, институциональный анализ развития пространства свободы, безопасности и правосудия, а также анализ архитектуры и механизмов функционирования системы регистрации въезда/выезда и связанных с ней цифровых платформ. В результате исследования установлено, что правовое регулирование крупных информационных систем Европейского союза характеризуется централизованной архитектурой управления, обязательностью унифицированных стандартов обработки биографических и биометрических данных, многоуровневым режимом доступа и приоритетом принципов защиты персональных данных и пропорциональности вмешательства. Показано, что основой функционирования таких систем является интеграция национальных компонентов в единый цифровой контур под управлением Агентства eu-LISA, обеспечивающего техническую эксплуатацию, правовую совместимость и устойчивость инфраструктуры. Выявлено, что проект «Умные границы» отражает переход от фрагментарных информационных решений к комплексной модели автоматизированного пограничного контроля, а отказ от первоначальной двухсистемной конструкции был обусловлен институциональными и техническими ограничениями. Определены ключевые правовые риски функционирования системы регистрации въезда/выезда, включая последствия ошибок данных, интеграцию с иными информационными системами и влияние централизованной архитектуры на миграционные процедуры. Полученные результаты позволяют рассматривать систему регистрации въезда/выезда как структурный элемент формирования единого цифрового пространства Европейского союза и углубления интеграции в сфере пространства свободы, безопасности и правосудия. Исследование имеет прикладное значение для анализа аналогичных процессов в иных интеграционных объединениях и вносит вклад в развитие научных представлений о цифровом суверенитете и трансформации пограничного контроля в условиях информатизации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Европейский союз</kwd><kwd>умные границы</kwd><kwd>пограничный контроль</kwd><kwd>пространство свободы</kwd><kwd>безопасности и правосудия</kwd><kwd>информационные системы</kwd><kwd>система регистрации въезда/выезда</kwd><kwd>Европейская система информации и авторизации путешествий</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>European Union</kwd><kwd>Smart borders</kwd><kwd>border control</kwd><kwd>area of freedom</kwd><kwd>security and justice</kwd><kwd>information systems</kwd><kwd>Entry/Exit System (EES)</kwd><kwd>European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS)</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alsaleh, A. 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