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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diright</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Law Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровое право</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2686-9136</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Maxim Inozemtsev</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38044/2686-9136-2025-6-10</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diright-301</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ESSAYS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭССЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Protecting human rights in the digital age: Legal frameworks and media literacy as a complementary safeguard</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Защита прав человека в цифровую эпоху: правовые основы и медиаграмотность как дополнительная гарантия их осуществления</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0731-5718</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нфисси</surname><given-names>Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nfissi</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бакалавр права, магистр бизнес-права и цифрового права (юридический факультет, Университет Сиди Мохаммед бен Абделлах, Марокко), аспирант, кафедра журналистики и коммуникационных наук, факультет коммуникационных исследований,  в рамках международного научного руководства совместно с юридическим факультетом Университета Сиди Мохаммеда бен Абделлаха, Фес, Марокко.</p><p>08193, Барселона, Беллатерра, Пласа Сивика</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nour Nfissi — L.L.B, LL.M. of Business and Digital Law (Faculty of Law, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdelah, Morocco), Ph.D. student, Department of Journalism and Communication Sciences, faculty of Communication Studies, with an international co-supervision with the faculty of Law, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdelah, fez, Morocco.</p><p>Carrer de la Vinya, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nournfissi41@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Автономный университет Барселоны</institution><country>Испания</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Autonomous University of Barcelona</institution><country>Spain</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Nfissi N., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нфисси Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nfissi N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/301">https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/301</self-uri><abstract><p>The expansion of digital technologies has reshaped the exercise of fundamental rights, prompting growing scholarly and regulatory attention to the notion of digital human rights. As digital platforms increasingly structure communication, access to information, and social participation, existing legal categories face conceptual and practical strain. While some accounts portray digital rights as a straightforward extension of classical human rights, others emphasize their transformative impact on constitutional principles, enforcement mechanisms, and the distribution of power between public authorities and private actors. This paper situates digital rights within contemporary academic debates and emerging regulatory frameworks in order to clarify their normative scope and conceptual boundaries. It advances the argument that digital rights cannot be adequately understood through purely legal or purely technological lenses. Instead, they emerge at the intersection of constitutional law, digital governance, and public policy, where regulatory instruments, institutional design, and educational strategies jointly shape the conditions for rights protection. The analysis highlights the constitutional paradox of digital platforms, which exercise functions traditionally associated with public authority while remaining only partially subject to democratic accountability and judicial oversight. Drawing on European constitutional principles, supranational regulation, and policy initiatives, the study demonstrates how current legal frameworks seek to respond to private digital power while revealing their structural limits in data-driven and algorithmic environments. At the same time, scholarship on Media and Information Literacy is mobilized to show how citizens’ informational capacities function as a normative complement to legal safeguards, enabling individuals to exercise their rights meaningfully rather than merely formally. By integrating legal doctrine, public policy analysis, and MIL, this article contributes a coherent analytical framework for understanding digital rights as a hybrid normative construct. It concludes that the effective protection of digital rights depends not only on legal guarantees and regulatory enforcement, but also on policy choices that strengthen individual and collective capacities within the digital public sphere.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Распространение цифровых технологий изменило осуществление прав человека, что привело к росту внимания ученых и регулирующих органов к понятию цифровых прав человека. Поскольку цифровые платформы все больше структурируют коммуникацию, доступ к информации и социальное взаимодействие, существующие правовые категории сталкиваются с концептуальными и практическими трудностями. В то время как некоторые исследования представляют цифровые права как прямое продолжение классических прав человека, другие подчеркивают их преобразующее воздействие на конституционные принципы, механизмы обеспечения соблюдения прав и распределение власти между государственными органами и частными субъектами. В данной статье цифровые права рассматриваются в контексте современных академических дискуссий и формирующихся нормативных рамок с целью уточнения их нормативного охвата и концептуальных границ. В ней выдвигается аргумент о том, что цифровые права не могут быть адекватно поняты исключительно с юридической или исключительно технологической точки зрения. Вместо этого они возникают на пересечении конституционного права, цифрового управления и государственной политики, где регулирующие инструменты, институциональный дизайн и образовательные стратегии совместно формируют условия защиты прав. Автор подчеркивает конституционный парадокс цифровых платформ, которые выполняют функции, традиционно связанные с государственной властью, оставаясь при этом лишь частично подлежащими демократической подотчетности и судебному надзору. Опираясь на европейские конституционные принципы, наднациональное регулирование и политические инициативы, исследование демонстрирует, как правопорядки реагируют на цифровую власть частных субъектов, одновременно выявляя свои структурные ограничения в средах, основанных на данных и алгоритмах. В то же время используются исследования в области медиа- и информационной грамотности, чтобы показать, как информационные возможности граждан функционируют в качестве нормативного дополнения к правовым гарантиям, позволяя людям осуществлять свои права осмысленно, а не просто формально. Интегрируя правовую доктрину, анализ государственной политики и медиа- и информационную грамотность, эта статья предлагает целостную аналитическую основу для понимания цифровых прав как гибридной нормативной конструкции. В заключение делается вывод, что эффективная защита цифровых прав зависит не только от правовых гарантий и правоприменения, но и от политических решений, которые укрепляют индивидуальные и коллективные возможности в цифровой публичной сфере.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цифровые права человека</kwd><kwd>кибербезопасность</kwd><kwd>цифровое право</kwd><kwd>защита данных</kwd><kwd>правовое регулирование</kwd><kwd>информационная грамотность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>digital human rights</kwd><kwd>cybersecurity</kwd><kwd>digital law</kwd><kwd>data protection</kwd><kwd>legal framework</kwd><kwd>media and information literacy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balkin, J. M. (2004). Digital speech and democratic culture: A theory of freedom of expression for the information society. 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