dirightDigital Law JournalЦифровое право2686-9136Maxim Inozemtsev10.38044/2686-9136-2025-6-6diright-289Research ArticleARTICLESСТАТЬИReproducing or data mining: The copyright law dilemma of AI trainingКопировать нельзя обучать: проблема обучения искусственного интеллекта с позиций авторского праваНикифоровА. А.NikiforovA. A.

магистр права (Российская школа частного права), преподаватель юридического факультета; ведущий юрисконсульт группы правового сопровождения сделок с программным обеспечением, технологиями, брендом и данными

125009, Россия, Москва, Газетный пер., 3-5/1

119021, Россия, Москва, ул. Льва Толстого, 16

Artem A. Nikiforov — LL.M. (Russian School of Private Law), Lecturer; Senior Legal Counsel, Software, Technology, Brand, and Data Transactions Legal Support Group

3-5/1, Gazetny Lane, Moscow, Russia, 125009

16, Lev Tolstoy St., Moscow, Russia, 119021 

Московская высшая школа социальных и экономических наук (МВШСЭН); ЯндексРоссияMoscow School of Social and Economic Sciences (MSSES); YandexRussian Federation2025161020256174–128Copyright © Nikiforov A.A., 20252025Никифоров А.А.Nikiforov A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/289

What сonstitutes “use” under Copyright Law? Does the exclusive right of the copyright holder encompass any interaction with a protected work? This article explores the legal dimensions of training artificial intelligence (AI) based on works protected by copyright and related rights. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive legal analysis of AI training based on protected subject matter, focusing on the interpretation of key terms such as “use”, “reproduction”, and the legal qualification of activities such as text and data mining, within both Russian and foreign legal systems. The article examines the relevant statutory exceptions and limitations provided under EU, U.S., and Japanese law, illustrating divergent models of legal balance between the interests of AI developers and copyright holders. Methodologically, the research adopts an interdisciplinary approach, combining a technical description of neural network training algorithms with doctrinal and comparative legal analysis of regulatory approaches to AI training and text and data mining across jurisdictions. During the editing and proofreading stages, ChatGPT was used to improve clarity and coherence. However, all ideas, reasoning, examples, and conclusions are entirely the author’s own and were not generated by AI. The article further engages with normative and policy-based arguments for and against permitting AI systems to train freely based on copyrighted content. As a result of the analysis, the author concludes that the act of training an AI model, in itself, does not constitute “use” of a work within the meaning of Article 1270 of the Russian Civil Code. This is because such training does not involve reproduction of the protected expression of the work, nor does it entail perceptible access by a human or functional exploitation of the work (i.e., expressive use). Nevertheless, it is advisable for the legal system to establish exceptions which allow the creation of temporary copies of works without the right holder’s consent, when such copying is necessary for legitimate text and data mining purposes. Additionally, the law should provide mechanisms which enable the use of data that is otherwise restricted for training, without requiring individual negotiations with every rights holder. An exception to this rule should apply to databases which have been specifically curated, structured, and prepared by rights holders for the purpose of AI training.

Что можно считать использованием в авторском праве? Охватывает ли исключительное право правообладателя любое взаимодействие с объектом? Настоящая статья посвящена исследованию правовых аспектов обучения искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) на объектах авторских и смежных прав. Целью исследования является комплексный правовой анализ обучения ИИ на охраняемых объектах авторского и смежного права с позиций российского и зарубежного законодательства, в первую очередь через толкование понятий «использование», «воспроизведение» и юридическую квалификацию таких действий, как интеллектуальный анализ данных (text and data mining). В статье также анализируются исключения и ограничения, предусмотренные правом ЕС, США и Японии и демонстрирующие различные модели правового баланса между интересами разработчиков ИИ и правообладателей. Методологически работа основывается на междисциплинарном подходе, сочетающем техническое описание алгоритмов обучения нейросетей с догматическим и сравнительно-правовым исследованием подходов к обучению ИИ и интеллектуальному анализу данных в разных странах. При этом при подготовке статьи для редактуры, корректуры и повышения ясности текста был использован ChatGPT1, однако все мысли, идеи, примеры и выводы являются чистым результатом работы автора и не сгенерированы. Также рассматриваются политико-правовые аргументы за и против свободного обучения ИИ на объектах авторского права. В результате проведенного исследования автор приходит к выводу, что процесс обучения ИИ сам по себе не является использованием произведения в смысле ст. 1270 ГК РФ, поскольку не связан с воспроизведением охраняемой формы произведения и не приводит к непосредственному восприятию произведения человеком или его функциональной эксплуатации («впечатляющее использование»). При этом в правопорядке целесообразно предусмотреть исключения, позволяющие создавать временные копии произведений без согласия правообладателя, если это необходимо для интеллектуального анализа данных. Также важно установить механизмы, которые сделали бы возможным использование закрытых для обучения данных без необходимости вести переговоры с каждым правообладателем. Исключением будет ситуация обучения на базах данных, которые специально были собраны, подготовлены и обработаны правообладателями для целей обучения ИИ.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.