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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diright</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Law Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровое право</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2686-9136</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Maxim Inozemtsev</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38044/2686-9136-2025-6-4</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diright-284</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Criminal policies on confiscation of cryptocurrency in Russia, the EU, and the US</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Уголовная политика в сфере конфискации криптовалюты в России, ЕС и США</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4962-2823</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волеводз</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volevodz</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор юридических наук, профессор, заслуженный юрист РФ, заместитель декана Международно-правового факультета по научной работе, заведующий кафедрой уголовного права, уголовного процесса и криминалистики, член Научно-консультативных советов при Верховном Суде РФ, Генеральной прокуратуре РФ и Следственного комитета РФ</p><p>119454, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander G. Volevodz — Dr. Sci. in Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Deputy Dean of the International Law Faculty, Head of the Department of Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure and Criminalistics, Member of the Scientific Advisory Councils under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation and the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation</p><p>76, ave. Vernadsky, Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.volevodz@inno.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8308-6038</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгиева</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgieva</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор юридических наук, почетный работник прокуратуры Российской Федерации, старший советник юстиции, старший прокурор Главного уголовно-судебного управления </p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Большая Дмитровка, 15a</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Madina M. Dolgieva — Dr. Sci. in Law, Honoured Worker of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, Senior Prosecutor, Senior Justice Advisor, General Criminal Justice Department</p><p>15a, Bolshaya Dmitrovka St., Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">publicprosecutor@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Генеральная прокуратура Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Volevodz A.G., Dolgieva M.M., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волеводз А.Г., Долгиева М.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volevodz A.G., Dolgieva M.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/284">https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/284</self-uri><abstract><p>In this article, we carry out a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of the criminal policy in the field of cryptocurrency confiscation in Russia, the European Union, and the United States. The relevance of this research is determined by the rapid growth of crimes involving crypto assets (money laundering, cybercrimes, and drug trafficking) and the lack of effective mechanisms for their final confiscation and implementation in Russia, which undermines the efforts of law enforcement agencies. We aim to identify effective models of cryptocurrency confiscation based on a comparative analysis of legislation and practice in leading jurisdictions and, on this basis, to develop recommendations for improving the Russian legal framework. The methodology includes a comparative legal analysis of regulatory acts (Russian Criminal Procedure Code, EU Directive 2014/42/EU, US Code), a formal legal method, an analysis of judicial practice (Russia, USA), and doctrinal sources. The key findings can be summarized as follows: (1) the USA enjoys the most advanced system, where the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) actively uses private exchanges to convert confiscated assets; (2) the EU has established a strong legal framework (5/6AMLD, Directive 2014/42/EU); however, implementation practices here vary among member states, combining government-owned storage and outsourced sales through licensed platforms; (3) in the Russian Federation, despite the practice of seizure and arrest of crypto assets and legislative initiatives, the legal mechanism for their confiscation and sale is lacking, making court decisions unenforceable. In order to overcome this gap in Russia, it is necessary to urgently legislate cryptocurrency as property for the purposes of confiscation in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, grant the Federal Service for Judicial Enforcement of the Russian Federation the authority to sell through licensed platforms, as well as to develop expert potential. Our study extends the current knowledge by detailing the technological aspects of confiscation in the EU and the USA and proposes specific ways to modernize the criminal policy of the Russian Federation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья проводит комплексный сравнительно-правовой анализ уголовной политики в сфере конфискации криптовалюты в России, Европейском cоюзе и США. Актуальность исследования обусловлена стремительным ростом преступлений с использованием криптоактивов (отмывание денег, киберпреступления, наркоторговля) и отсутствием в России эффективных механизмов их окончательной конфискации и реализации, что нивелирует усилия правоохранительных органов. Авторы ставили цель выявить эффективные модели конфискации криптовалюты на основе сопоставления законодательства и практики ведущих юрисдикций и разработать рекомендации для совершенствования российского правового поля. Использовались сравнительно-правовой и формально-юридический методы. Были рассмотрены российские и зарубежные нормативно-правовых акты, такие как УПК РФ, Директива Европейского парламента и Совета ЕС от 3 апреля 2014 г. 2014/42/ЕС, Закон США о комплексной борьбе с преступностью 1984 г., судебная практика РФ и США, а также доктринальные источники. В результате выявлено следующее: 1) США обладают наиболее развитой системой, где Служба маршалов активно использует частные биржи для конвертации конфискованных активов; 2) ЕС создал прочные правовые рамки (5/6AMLD, Директива 2014/42/ЕС), но реализация варьируется между странами-членами, сочетая государственное хранение и аутсорсинг продаж через лицензированные платформы; 3) в РФ, несмотря на практику изъятия и ареста криптоактивов и законодательные инициативы, отсутствует ключевое звено — механизм их легальной конфискации и реализации, что делает судебные решения неисполнимыми. Был сделан вывод, что для преодоления отставания России необходимы срочное законодательное закрепление криптовалюты как имущества для целей конфискации в УПК РФ, наделение ФССП России полномочиями по продаже через лицензированные платформы и развитие экспертного потенциала. Исследование вносит вклад в теорию, детализируя технические аспекты конфискации в ЕС и США, и предлагает конкретные пути модернизации уголовной политики РФ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>конфискация криптовалюты</kwd><kwd>уголовная политика в сфере конфискации криптоактивов</kwd><kwd>виртуальные активы</kwd><kwd>блокировка активов</kwd><kwd>цифровые активы</kwd><kwd>сравнительное правоведение</kwd><kwd>механизм реализации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cryptocurrency confiscation</kwd><kwd>criminal policy on the confiscation of crypto-assets</kwd><kwd>virtual assets</kwd><kwd>asset blocking</kwd><kwd>digital assets</kwd><kwd>comparative law</kwd><kwd>implementation mechanism</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aryamov, A. A. (2025). 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