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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diright</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Law Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровое право</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2686-9136</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Maxim Inozemtsev</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38044/2686-9136-2023-4-4-2</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diright-189</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Product liability in modern conditions: European reform experience</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Деликтная ответственность производителей в современных условиях: опыт европейского реформирования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0948-0234</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанов</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanov</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат юридических наук, доцент департамента частного права факультета, научный сотрудник кафедры управления активами факультета международных экономических отношений</p><p>109028, Москва, Большой Трехсвятительский пер., 3;</p><p>119454, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Semyon K. Stepanov — Associate Professor, Department of Private law, Faculty of Law, HSE University, Researcher, Department of Asset Management, Faculty of International Economic Relations, MGIMO-University</p><p>3, Bolshoi Trekhsviatitelskii Pereulok, Moscow, Russia, 109028;76, ave. Vernadsky, Moscow, Russia, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.stepanov@inno.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики» ; Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University); Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Stepanov S.K., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Степанов С.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stepanov S.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/189">https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/189</self-uri><abstract><p>At the end of September 2022, the European Commission presented two notable documents designed to fundamentally change the current system of product liability in Europe. In part, these projects were a response to the challenges posed by digitalization and modern technology. The first document is designed to regulate liability for harm caused by artificial intelligence systems, while the second is aimed at adapting the EU Council Directive of July 25, 1985 No. 85/374/EEC to contemporary conditions. The present article sets out to review the key developments in the field of product liability in Europe. To this end, a review of the existing system of product liability in Europe is carried out. The existing product liability system is comprised of two parts: norms enshrined in national laws, as well as harmonized liability under the EU Council Directive of July 25, 1985 No. 85/374/EEC 1985. However, there is no consensus in European doctrine and practice regarding the regime of harmonized liability. While on the one hand, this regime is based on the idea of strict liability, on the other hand, there is also a reasoned opinion that the Directive factually establishes a regime of liability based on fault. On the example of German law, it is revealed that, despite the strict liability regime approved by special law, courts often focus in practice on a manufacturer’s breach of the duty of care, which once again testifies to liability based on fault. Possible factors behind the decision on the part of the European regulator to reform the existing liability system include: the increasing complexity of the goods themselves; the expansion of intermediary chains and emergence of new potential subjects of liability, including owners of aggregators; difficulties in proving the existence of a product defect and a causal link between such a defect and the resulting harm; the concept of harm in the digital age and the special role of data; providers’ liability for goods equipped with artificial intelligence technology.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В конце сентября 2022 г. Европейская комиссия представила два примечательных документа, призванных в корне изменить сложившуюся систему деликтной ответственности производителей в Европе. Отчасти эти проекты стали своеобразным ответом на вызовы, которые бросают цифровизация и современные технологии. Первый документ призван урегулировать ответственность за вред, причиненный системами искусственного интеллекта, второй предназначен для адаптации Директивы Совета ЕС от 25 июля 1985 г. № 85/374/ЕЭС к современным условиям. Цель статьи — выявить ключевые изменения в области деликтной ответственности производителей в Европе. Для ее достижения автором для начала делается обзор существующей системы деликтной ответственности производителей. В результате установлено, что она складывается из двух частей: норм национального права и гармонизированной ответственности по Директиве Совета ЕС от 25 июля 1985 г. № 85/374/ЕЭС. В европейской доктрине и практике отсутствует консенсус относительно режима гармонизированной ответственности. С одной стороны, в ее основе лежит идея ответственности без вины, с другой — высказывается небезосновательное мнение о том, что на самом деле в Директиве установлен режим виновной ответственности. На примере немецкого правопорядка удалось выявить, что, несмотря на утвержденный специальным законом режим строгой ответственности, на практике суды нередко ориентируются на нарушение производителями стандартов поведения, что лишний раз свидетельствует об их виновной ответственности. Обозначенная цель также требует выявления причин, из-за которых европейский регулятор принял решение о реформировании имеющейся системы ответственности. Автором названы шесть причин: 1) усложнение самих товаров; 2) расширение посреднических цепочек и появление новых потенциальных субъектов ответственности, включая 3) владельцев агрегаторов; 4) трудности в доказывании потерпевшим наличия дефекта товара и причинно-следственной связи между таким недостатком и возникшим вредом; 5) понятие вреда в цифровую эпоху и особая роль данных; 6) ответственность производителей за товары, снабженные технологией искусственного интеллекта. В заключительной части статьи рассматриваются положения двух проектов директив, посвященных ответственности производителей в современных условиях. Уделяется пристальное внимание механизмам, которые призваны облегчить положение потерпевшего и в то же время способствовать внедрению новых технологий. Ключевой особенностью европейского подхода представляется крайняя осторожность, с которой действует регулятор при реформировании деликтной ответственности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ответственность производителей</kwd><kwd>деликтная ответственность</kwd><kwd>ответственность производителей в Европе</kwd><kwd>некачественный товар</kwd><kwd>современные технологии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>product liability</kwd><kwd>tort liability</kwd><kwd>European product liability</kwd><kwd>defective product</kwd><kwd>modern technologies</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahrens, H., &amp; Spickhoff, A. (2022). Deliktsrecht [Tort Law]. Beck.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahrens, H., &amp; Spickhoff, A. (2022). Deliktsrecht [Tort Law]. 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