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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diright</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Law Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровое право</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2686-9136</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Maxim Inozemtsev</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38044/2686-9136-2023-4-3-16-39</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diright-182</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Property as the Law of Virtual Things</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«Вещное» право виртуальных «вещей»</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фэйрфилд</surname><given-names>Д. А.Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fairfield</surname><given-names>J. A.T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Juris Doctor (J.D.), профессор, юридический факультет</p><p>VA 24450, Кентукки, Лексингтон, ул. Вашингтона, 204 W</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Juris Doctor (J.D.), William D. Bain Family Professor of Law, School of Law</p><p>204 W, Washington St., Lexington, Kentucky, VA 24450</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fairfieldj@wlu.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Вашингтона и Ли</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Washington and Lee University</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Fairfield J.A., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фэйрфилд Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fairfield J.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/182">https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/182</self-uri><abstract><p>Property law in the twentieth century moved from the law of things to the law of rights in things. This was a process of fragmentation: Under Hohfeldian property, we conceive of property as a bundle of sticks, and those sticks can be moved to different holders; the right to possess can be separated from the record ownership right, for example. The downside of Hohfeld’s model is that physical objects — things — become informationally complicated. Thing-ness constrains the extravagances of Hohfeldian property: although we can split off the right to possess from the right to exclude, use, destroy, copy, manage, repair, and so on, there is a gravitational pull to tie these sticks back into a useful bundle centered on the asset, the thing. Correspondingly, there has been an “informational turn” to property law, looking at the ways in which property law serves to limit property forms to reduce search costs, and to identify and celebrate the informational characteristics of thing-ness. The question of thing-ness came to a head in the context of digital and smart assets with the formation of non-fungible tokens. NFTs were attempts to generate and sell “things” a conceptually coherent something that can contain a loose bundle of rights. The project was an attempt to re-create thingness by an amalgam of cryptography, game theory, and intellectual property. This essay discusses thing-ness in the context of digital assets, how simulated thing-ness differs from physical thing-ness, and the problems that arise from attempts to reify digital assets.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В XX в. вещное право перешло от права вещей к парадигме прав на вещи. Это был процесс фрагментации: в хофельдианской модели собственности право собственности представлено как «связка прутьев», и эти «прутья» могут быть атрибутированы разным лицам, например правомочие владения может быть отделено от номинального права собственности. Недостатком модели Хофельда является то, что в такой интерпретации м атериальные объекты (вещи) становятся информационно сложными. Вещественность сдерживает экстравагантность собственности по Хофельду: хотя допустимо отделять правомочие владения от правомочий исключения, использования, уничтожения, воспроизведения, управления, ремонта и т.д., существует желание соединить эти «прутья» обратно в удобную «связку», центром которой является сама вещь. Соответственно, в правах на вещи произошел «информационный поворот»: вещное право (property law) ограничивает круг вещных прав с целью снижения издержек на проверку управомоченности контрагента, а также для выявления информационных свойств вещественности. Вопрос о вещественности в контексте цифровых и смарт-активов возник с появлением невзаимозаменяемых токенов (non fungible tokens (NFT)). Они представляют собой попытку воссоздать с помощью криптографии, теории игр и интеллектуального права «вещь», концептуально целостное нечто, которое может содержать неопределенный пучок прав. В этой работе вещественность рассматривается в контексте цифровых активов, анализируются отличия симулированной вещественности от физической, а также проблемы, возникающие при попытках овеществления цифровых активов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>собственность</kwd><kwd>невзаимозаменяемые токены</kwd><kwd>виртуальное имущество</kwd><kwd>ограниченность и избыток ресурсов</kwd><kwd>право</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>property</kwd><kwd>NFT</kwd><kwd>virtual</kwd><kwd>scarcity and abundance</kwd><kwd>law</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davidson, N.M.N. (2008). Standardization and pluralism in property law. 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