dirightDigital Law JournalЦифровое право2686-9136Maxim Inozemtsev10.38044/2686-9136-2020-1-2-41-52diright-16Research ArticleARTICLESСТАТЬИPrivate Life and Surveillance in a Digital Era: Human Rights in European PerspectiveЧастная жизнь и слежка в цифровую эпоху: права человека в европейской перспективеПрудентовР. В.PrudentovRoman V.

Прудентов Р.В. — кандидат юридических наук, солиситор Высших судов Англии и Уэльса, юрист международной юридической фирмы Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP

EC4Y 1HS, Великобритания, Лондон, Флит стрит, 65

Roman V. Prudentov — Ph.D. in Law, Solicitor of the Senior Courts of England and Wales, Associate

65, Fleet str., London, UK, EC4Y 1HS

romanprudentov@rambler.ruФрешфилдс Брукхаус Дерингер ЛЛПВеликобританияFreshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLPUnited Kingdom202026082020124152Copyright © Prudentov R.V., 20202020Прудентов Р.В.Prudentov R.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/16

This paper focuses on identifying key legal considerations and developments in the area of surveillance in Europein human rights, with its emphasis on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The aim of this research was to enhance and align law and practices in this area in Russiaand Europe. The author analysed the core and most novel Court cases that may be applicable to the subject matter, including by analogy, as well as the latest research in this area. This paper considers, inter alia, ability to challenge relevant law and practices in abstracto, legitimate aims justifying interference, the requirements for the relevant laws, fetters to authorities’ discretion on surveillance matters, and appropriate nature of supervision by authorities and the scope of their powers, as well as certain other safeguards. This paper also discusses interactions and balances between freedom and security, modern approaches taken by the EU and theUS, and tensions on pervasive surveillance matters. This paper reveals that, in a COVID-19 world, with those privacy issues that arise from the “track and trace” system and similar practices having already been widely scrutinised by the courts, it is possible to fight COVID-19 through surveillance methods with minimum interference with human rights. Key considerations outlined in this paper are pertinent to all sorts of surveillance features in the modern world. This paper should serve as an impetus for enhancing human rights protection through case law and legal framework in this area, with a view to strengthen democratic values without compromising health and safety concerns.

Данная статья направлена на выявление основных юридических проблем и эволюции вопросов слежки в Европе в контексте прав человека, с акцентом на практику Европейского Суда по правам человека. Целью исследования является совершенствование и синхронизация правовой материи и правоприменительной практики в данной сфере в России и Европе. Автор проанализировал фундаментальные и самые последние решения Суда, которые могут быть применимы к рассматриваемой тематике, в том числе по аналогии, а также недавние исследования в данной сфере. Данная статья рассматривает, помимо прочего, возможность оспаривания in abstracto соответствующего законодательства и практики его применения, законные цели, оправдывающие вмешательство, требования к соответствующему законодательству, ограничения усмотрения властей по вопросам слежки, надлежащий характер органов надзора и объем их полномочий, а также некоторые иные гарантии. Данная статья также обсуждает взаимодействие и баланс между свободой и безопасностью, современные подходы и натянутые отношения ЕС и США по распространенным вопросам слежки. Настоящая статья показывает, что в мире COVID-19 вопросы защиты частной жизни, возникающие в связи с “track and trace” и похожими практиками, уже глубоко исследованы судами, и борьба с COVID-19 возможна через методы слежки с минимальным вмешательством в права человека. Основные проблемы, затронутые в данной статье, применимы к любым формам слежки в современном мире. Данная статья должна служить стимулом для усиления защиты прав человека с помощью судебной практики и правового поля в рассмотренной сфере с целью укрепления демократических ценностей без ущерба здоровью и безопасности.

слежканегласные мерыперехват информациичастная жизньпредсказуемостьсвободаReferencesAllen, A.L. (2008). Dredging up the Past: Lifelogging, Memory, and Surveillance. University of Chicago Law Review, 75, 47–74.Allen, A.L. (2008). Dredging up the Past: Lifelogging, Memory, and Surveillance. University of Chicago Law Review, 75, 47–74.Austin, L.M., Chiao, V., Coleman, B., Lie, D., Shaffer, M., Slane, A., Tanguay-Renaud, F. (2020). Test, Trace, and Isolate: Covid-19 and the Canadian Constitution. Osgoode Legal Studies Research Paper, 1–13. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3608823.Austin, L.M., Chiao, V., Coleman, B., Lie, D., Shaffer, M., Slane, A., Tanguay-Renaud, F. (2020). Test, Trace, and Isolate: Covid-19 and the Canadian Constitution. Osgoode Legal Studies Research Paper, 1–13. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3608823.Barnhizer, D.R. (2013). Through a PRISM Darkly: Surveillance and Speech Suppression in the “Post-Democracy Electronic State”. Cleveland-Marshall Legal Studies, 13-258, 1–70.Barnhizer, D.R. (2013). Through a PRISM Darkly: Surveillance and Speech Suppression in the “Post-Democracy Electronic State”. Cleveland-Marshall Legal Studies, 13-258, 1–70.Goold, B.J. (2010). How Much Surveillance is Too Much? Some Thoughts on Surveillance, Democracy, and the Political Value of Privacy. Overvåkning i en Rettsstat — Surveillance in a Constitutional Government, Schartum D.W., ed., Fagbokforlaget, 38–48.Goold, B.J. (2010). How Much Surveillance is Too Much? Some Thoughts on Surveillance, Democracy, and the Political Value of Privacy. Overvåkning i en Rettsstat — Surveillance in a Constitutional Government, Schartum D.W., ed., Fagbokforlaget, 38–48.Hoofnagle, C.J. (2017). FTC Regulation of Cybersecurity and Surveillance. In D. Gray and S. E. Henderson, (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Surveillance Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 708–726.Hoofnagle, C.J. (2017). FTC Regulation of Cybersecurity and Surveillance. In D. Gray and S. E. Henderson, (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Surveillance Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 708–726.Malgieri, G. and De Hert, P. (2017). European Human Rights, Criminal Surveillance, and Intelligence Surveillance: Towards “Good Enough” Oversight, Preferably but Not Necessarily by Judges. Brussels Privacy Hub Working Paper, 3(9), 1–24.Malgieri, G. and De Hert, P. (2017). European Human Rights, Criminal Surveillance, and Intelligence Surveillance: Towards “Good Enough” Oversight, Preferably but Not Necessarily by Judges. Brussels Privacy Hub Working Paper, 3(9), 1–24.Moreham, N.A. (2008). The Right to Respect for Private Life in the European Convention on Human Rights: A Re-Examination. European Human Rights Law Review, 1, 44–79.Moreham, N.A. (2008). The Right to Respect for Private Life in the European Convention on Human Rights: A Re-Examination. European Human Rights Law Review, 1, 44–79.Ni Loideain, N. (2015). EU Law and Mass Internet Metadata Surveillance in the Post-Snowden Era. Legal Studies Research Paper Series, 32/2015, 1–10.Ni Loideain, N. (2015). EU Law and Mass Internet Metadata Surveillance in the Post-Snowden Era. Legal Studies Research Paper Series, 32/2015, 1–10.OECD (2020). Tracking and Tracing COVID: Protecting Privacy and Data While Using Apps and Biometrics, 23 April 2020. URL: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/tracking-and-tracing-covid-protecting-privacy-and-data-while-using-apps-and-biometrics-8f394636/ (Accessed: 10.06.2020)OECD (2020). Tracking and Tracing COVID: Protecting Privacy and Data While Using Apps and Biometrics, 23 April 2020. URL: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/tracking-and-tracing-covid-protecting-privacy-and-data-while-using-apps-and-biometrics-8f394636/ (Accessed: 10.06.2020)Slobogin, C. (2020). Public Privacy: Camera Surveillance of Public Places and the Right to Anonymity. Mississippi Law Journal, 72, 213–99.Slobogin, C. (2020). Public Privacy: Camera Surveillance of Public Places and the Right to Anonymity. Mississippi Law Journal, 72, 213–99.Watts, D. (2020). COVIDSafe, Australia’s Digital Contact Tracing App: the Legal Issues, 2 May 2020, 1–13. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3591622 (Accessed: 10.06.2020).Watts, D. (2020). COVIDSafe, Australia’s Digital Contact Tracing App: the Legal Issues, 2 May 2020, 1–13. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3591622 (Accessed: 10.06.2020).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.