dirightDigital Law JournalЦифровое право2686-9136Maxim Inozemtsev10.38044/2686-9136-2023-4-2-40-63diright-144Research ArticleARTICLESСТАТЬИElectronic form of transactions: Issues of legal regulationЭлектронная форма сделок: вопросы правового регулированияШугаевР. И.ShugaevR. I.

магистр частного права

125009, Россия, Москва, Газетный пер. 3–5/1

LL.M. (HSE)

3–5/1, Gazetny pereulok, Moscow, Russia, 125009

r.shugaev@csr.ruФонд «Центр стратегических разработок»РоссияCenter for Strategic ResearchRussian Federation202324092023424063Copyright © Shugaev R.I., 20232023Шугаев Р.И.Shugaev R.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/144

This paper analyzes the form of transactions made with the use of electronic and other technical means (electronic form). The research aims to determine the essential features and develop an optimal model of regulation of electronic transactions form, considering foreign experience, theoretical advances, and judicial practice. The relevance of the study is explained by the increasing number of e-transactions which require adequate legal regulation and law enforcement practice. The author consecutively describes internationally recognized regulatory principles of electronic transactions form (non-discrimination, technological neutrality, functional equivalence) and their implementation in Russian and foreign law. In addition, the author analyzes the issue of the correlation between the written and electronic forms, considers and rejects arguments in favor of singling out electronic methods of will formation as an independent (sui generis) form of transactions. Considering the current Russian judicial practice and foreign experience, the study determines the criteria and methods of reliable determination of a person effecting an electronic transaction. On the grounds of dogmatic and political arguments, the overly formalistic idea that the use of a qualified electronic signature is the only way of such identification is rejected. The author also formulates an optimal interpretation of the Russian Civil Code requirement on the reproducibility of the electronic transaction content on a tangible medium unchanged. Based on the results of the study, practical recommendations are described to help judges make fair and reasoned decisions in specific situations interpreting the provisions of the Russian Civil Code on the electronic form of transactions.

Данная статья посвящена анализу формы сделок, совершенных с использованием электронных и иных технических средств (электронной формы). Целью настоящего исследования является изучение сущностных особенностей и поиск оптимальной модели регулирования электронной формы сделок с учетом зарубежного опыта, теоретических наработок и судебной практики. Актуальность исследования объясняется увеличением количества сделок в электронной форме, которые требуют адекватного правового регулирования и правоприменительной практики. В статье последовательно разбираются международно признанные принципы правового регулирования электронной формы сделок (недискриминации, технологической нейтральности, функциональной эквивалентности) и их реализация в российском и зарубежном праве. Помимо этого, автор анализирует вопрос о соотношении письменной и электронной форм, разбирает и опровергает аргументы в пользу выделения электронных способов формирования воли в качестве самостоятельной (sui generis) разновидности формы сделок. С учетом текущей практики российских судов и иностранного опыта определяются критерии и способы достоверной идентификации лица, совершающего волеизъявление электронным способом. На основе догматических и политико-правовых аргументов отвергается излишне формальная идея о том, что единственным способом такой идентификации может быть использование квалифицированной электронной подписи. Автор также предлагает оптимальное толкование требования ГК РФ о воспроизводимости содержания электронной сделки на материальном носителе в неизменном виде. По результатам исследования предлагается ряд рекомендаций, носящих практический характер и позволяющих обеспечить принятие судьями справедливых и обоснованных решений в конкретных ситуациях при толковании положений ГК РФ об электронной форме сделок.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.