dirightDigital Law JournalЦифровое право2686-9136Maxim Inozemtsev10.38044/2686-9136-2023-4-2-15-39diright-143Research ArticleARTICLESСТАТЬИPrivacy in the age of remote sensing during natural disasters in Australia and IndonesiaКонфиденциальность в эпоху дистанционного зондирования стихийных бедствий в Австралии и Индонезииhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3844-3945ЛавальТ.LawalT.

аспирант, юридический факультет

4226, Австралия, Квинсленд, Робина, Юниверсити Драйв, 14

 Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Law

14, University Drive, Robina, Queensland, Australia, 4226

tlawal@bond.edu.auhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5386-4406ДжексонМ.JacksonM.

старший преподаватель, юридический факультет

4226, Австралия, Квинсленд, Робина, Юниверсити Драйв, 14

Senior Teaching Fellow, Faculty of Law

14, University Drive, Robina, Queensland, Australia, 4226

mjackson@bond.edu.auhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4040-7652ГеоргиадесЕ.GeorgiadesE.

Ph.D. in Law, доцент, юридический факультет

4226, Австралия, Квинсленд, Робина, Юниверсити Драйв, 14

Ph.D. in Law, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law

14, University Drive, Robina, Queensland, Australia, 4226

egeorgia@bond.edu.auУниверситет БондАвстралияBond UniversityAustralia202324092023421539Copyright © Lawal T., Jackson M., Georgiades E., 20232023Лаваль Т., Джексон М., Георгиадес Е.Lawal T., Jackson M., Georgiades E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.digitallawjournal.org/jour/article/view/143

Satellites are increasingly used for remote sensing, aiding in disaster management, however they also raise privacy concerns. Despite the existence of international instruments such as the Outer Space Treaty, Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space and International Charter Space and Major Disasters, there are no specific rules addressing satellite misuse leading to privacy breaches during natural disasters. This article examines the existing legal frameworks for satellite regulation and privacy in Australia and Indonesia, two disaster-prone countries, with the aim of determining their adequacy for addressing privacy concerns arising from satellite use during natural disasters. By conducting a comparative analysis of both legal frameworks vis-à-vis relevant international law, this article highlights the gaps that affect their applicability and effectiveness. It finds that international rules on the use of satellites for remote sensing activities generally lack binding force, and do not address the issue of privacy breaches resulting from satellite misuse. Both countries also lack specific legal frameworks addressing privacy breaches caused by satellite misuse during disasters. It recommends that in the absence of unequivocal and specific provisions under international law, both countries could review and rely on their national legal frameworks to address potential privacy issues due to advancing remote sensing capabilities. The provision of Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty requires states to authorise and ensure continued supervision of activities of non-governmental entities in outer space. This provision could be relied on to impose, through the instrumentality of domestic laws, restrictions, or conditions on space activities, including privacy provisions. Existing space legislation requiring liability insurance could also be extended to include privacy provisions.

Спутники все чаще используются для дистанционного зондирования Земли во время стихийных бедствий, что вызывает тревогу в отношении нарушения конфиденциальности данных частных лиц. Несмотря на существование международных документов, таких как Договор о космосе, Принципы, касающиеся дистанционного зондирования Земли из космического пространства, и Международная хартия по космосу и крупным катастрофам, не существует конкретных правил, касающихся неправомерного использования спутников, ведущего к нарушению конфиденциальности. В настоящей статье рассматривается существующее правовое регулирование использования спутников и конфиденциальности данных в Австралии и Индонезии, странах, часто подвергаемых стихийным бедствиям, с целью определения готовности правопорядка разрешать вопросы конфиденциальности данных. Посредством проведения сравнительного анализа обоих правопорядков и международного права в статье подчеркиваются существующие правовые пробелы, которые влияют на применимость и эффективность действия норм. Авторы полагают, что нормы международного права по использованию спутников для дистанционного зондирования, как правило, не имеют обязательной силы и не касаются проблемы нарушения конфиденциальности. В обеих странах также отсутствуют конкретные правовые нормы для устранения нарушений конфиденциальности, вызванных неправильным использованием спутников во время стихийных бедствий. В условиях отсутствия недвусмысленных и конкретных норм международного права авторы считают, что страны могли бы полагаться на национальное право, возможно, частично пересмотрев некоторые его нормы, для решения потенциальных проблем конфиденциальности в связи с развитием возможностей дистанционного зондирования. Установление национальных условий и ограничений на осуществление космической деятельности, включая положения о конфиденциальности, можно было бы обосновать применением статьи VI Договора о космосе, требующей от государств санкционировать и обеспечивать непрерывный надзор за деятельностью неправительственных организаций в космическом пространстве. Существующее космическое законодательство о страховании ответственности также можно было бы расширить, включив в него положения о неприкосновенности частной жизни.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.